Medieval (c. 200 - c. 1430)
Byzantine – Artistic products of the Byzantine Empire
Nordic – Blanket term for artistic styles in Scandinavia during the Germanic Iron Age, Viking Age and the Nordic Bronze Age
Celtic – Art associated with the people who spoke the Celtic tongue in Europe from pre-history through to the modern period
Gothic – Medieval Art that developed in France
Renaissance (c. 1300 - c. 1602)
Italian – Opening phase of the Renaissance; commencement of Enlightenment as opposed to the darkness and mindless spirituality of the Middle Ages
Classicism – Characterized by a high regard for classical antiquity and marked by formalism and restraint on the part of the artist
Early Netherlandish – A union of the styles of the early Renaissance and the late Gothic periods; subjects are mostly iconic religious scenes or small portraits
Neoclassicism (1520 - 1600)
Baroque – Born of the need to communicate religious themes with direct and emotional involvement; employed as a means to impress visitors and express triumphant power and control; artists used symmetry frequently
Rococo – Also referred to as Late Baroque; characterized by ornate, playful and florid designs; Rococo artists designed rooms as total works of art; includes all types of art produced in mind-18th century France
Neoclassicism – Name given to quite distinct movements that draw upon Western classical art and culture; dominant in northern Europe during the mid-18th to the end of the 19th century; response against over-the-top and shallow characteristics of Rococo; modelled on works from the classical world, containing political themes including bravery and war
Romanticism (1790 - 1880) – originated in the second-half of 18th century in Europe and gained strength in reaction to Industrial Revolution, scientific rationalism and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment; validated emotion as a source of aesthetic experience; made spontaneity a desirable character
Romanticism to Modern
Biedermeier (1815 - 1848) – Refers to the middle-class sensibilities between 1815 (Congress of Vienna) and 1848 (European revolutions)
Photography (1825 - present)
Realism (1830 - 1870) – Expression of subjects as existing in a third-person objective reality and without any emotional embellishment or interpretation
Macchiaioli (1850s) – group of Italian painters active in Tuscany who painted outdoors to capture natural light, shade and colour; artists include Giuseppe Abbati, Vincenzo Cabianca, Vita D’Ancona, Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848 - 1854) – A group of artists who “returned” to the pre-Raphaelite period of art characterized by abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions; doctrine summarized as “to have genuine ideas to express, to study Nature attentively, to sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parodying and learned by rote”
Modern
Russian avant-garde (1890 - 1930) – Influential wave of modern art that flourished in Russia from 1890 to 1930; umbrella term covering separate but related art movements in the period
Impressionism (1963 - 1890) – First exemplified by Claude Monet in the 19th century; paintings include thin but visible brush strokes, emphasis on the depiction of light in its changing quantities, inclusion of movement and unusual visual angles
Luminism – Paintings devoting great attention to light effects
Arts & crafts (1880 - 1910) – Originated in England and flourished between 1880 and 1910; instigated by artist William Morris and inspired by the writings of John Ruskin; advocated truth to materials and traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration; proposed economic and social reform; essentially anti-industrial
Symbolism (1880 - 1910) – A reaction against naturalism and realism, anti-idealistic styles which were attempts to represent reality; used humble and ordinary themes rather than ideal or heroic themes; believed that “art should represent absolute truths which could only be described indirectly”
Post-impressionism (1886 - 1905) – Describes the development of French art since Manet; used vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real-life subject matter; more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour
Art Nouveau (1890 - 1914) – Characterized by organic – especially floral and other plant-inspired – motifs, as well as stylized and flowing curvilinear forms; most popular between 1890 and 1905
Expressionism (1905 - 1930) – Originated in Germany in the beginning of the 20th century; expressionists present the world solely from a subjective perspective; suggestive of emotional angst
Cubism (1907 - 1914) – A 20th century avant-garde movement pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque; cubist arts depicts objects broken down, analysed and reassembled in an abstracted form
Futurism (1910 - 1930) – Characterized by a loathing of everything old; developed in the early 20th century as a largely Italian phenomenon
Dada (1916 - 1930) – Cultural movement that originated in Zurich and prevailed from 1916 to 1922; characterized by a rejection of prevailing standards in art; its purpose was “to ridicule the meaninglessness of the world”
Bauhaus (1919 - 1933) – Founded as the Bauhaus school by Walter Gropius in Weimar with the idea of creating a 'total' work of art in which all arts, including architecture, would eventually be brought together; an influential current in modern architecture and design
Surrealism (1920s - present) – Featured the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; developed out of the Dada activities during World War I
Constructivism (1920s - present) – Rejected the idea of art as autonomous and advocated its practice directed toward social purposes; originated in Russia in 1919
Abstract Expressionism (1940s) – The movement's name is derived from the combination of the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Cubism; has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and nihilistic
Neo-Dada (1950s) – Exemplified by its use of modern materials, popular imagery and absurdist contrast; similar in method and/or intent to the earlier Dada movement
Pop (mid-1950s) – Emerged in the mid-1950s; removes the material from its context and isolates the object or combines it with other objects for contemplation
Minimalism (1960 - present) – Minimalist work has been stripped down to its most fundamental features; rooted in the reductive aspects of Modernism
Contemporary
Contemporary (present) – Describes art produced since World War II
Post-modernism (present) – Associated traits include bricolage, the prominent use of words, collage, simplification, appropriation and a return to traditional themes as a rejection of modernism
Modernism (present) – Was a revolt against the conservative values of realism; rejected tradition and reincorporated it in new forms, eliminated the lingering certainties of Enlightenment thinking and defied the existence of a compassionate and all-powerful Creator God
Psychedelic (1960s - present) – Any kind of artwork inspired by psychedelic experienced induced by drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin; any depiction of the inner world of the psyche can be considered psychedelic
Photo-realism (late 1960s - early 1970s) – The genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photograph; originated during the United States’ art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s
Post-minimalism (late 1960s - 1970s) – Works that have been inspired by minimalism or that use it as a critical reference point but aspire to go beyond its aesthetics
Neo-expressionism (late 1970s - present) – Emerged in the late 1970s and was prominence until the mid-1980s; developed as a reaction to minimalist art of the 1970s and marked a return to the Expressionism era through the use of vivid colours in depicting everyday objects
Deconstructivism (present) – Characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture (such as structure and envelope); recreate an image of controlled chaos
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