Using the political highlighter

Rule of the United Progressive Alliance II in India (2009-2011)

"The correlation between political stability and economic development is poor or even negative."

[Under British rule, political violence was most prevalent in the] "economically most highly developed provinces."

[After independence, violence remained more likely in the industrialized and urban centers than] "in the more backward and underdeveloped areas of India."

Bert F. Hoselitz and Myron Weiner, "Economic Development And Political Stability In India", Dissent 8 (Spring 1961)

First electoral defeat for Communist Party of India (Marxist) in West Bengal since 1977

"In fifteen Western countries, the communist vote was largest in the most urbanized areas of the least urbanized countries. In India, the communists were strongest in Kerala (with the highest literacy rate amongst Indian states) and in industrialized Calcutta, not in the economically more backward areas."

Samuel P. Huntington, "Political Order And Political Decay", Political Order In Changing Societies (Yale University 1968)

"In a fundamental sense, the areas of Marxist strength are the most Westernized and those with the highest per capita income and education."

William Howard Wiggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas Of A New Nation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960)

Urbanization and political instability

"The rapid influx of large numbers of people into newly developing urban areas invites mass movements."

William Kornhauser, p. 145 (italics in original); Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1960), p. 68 (italics in original)

[caption id="attachment_7408" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Pranati Datta, Regional And Sub-regional Population Dynamic, European Population Conference, 2006"][/caption]

In 1961, there was a 26.41% increase in the urban population despite a drop in the decennial growth rate between 1951 and 1961 by 36.24% whereas the population in rural areas decreased by 30.53%. A similar trend is next observed in 1991: 36.19% - increase in urban population; 21.76% - drop in decennial growth rate between 1981 and 1991; 6.25% - decrease in rural population.

(Data: R. B. Bhagat, Urbanisation In India: A Demographic Reappraisal, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2002)